Costs of Borrowing: Flat Rate, Monthly Rest and Effective Interest Rate

Look beyond the advertised interest rate. Learn about different types of loans and what factors affect how much interest you will end up paying.

Key Takeaways

Loans are not free money and must be repaid with interest.
Usually, you pay more interest for a loan with a longer tenure than for one with a shorter tenure.
Use the effective interest rate to compare different loans to get the best rate.
Check the repayment schedule before signing up.

Before taking out a loan, think about the interest payments. Apart from the interest rate, consider the processing fees, legal costs and other charges due to late or non-payment.

Remember, for the same amount borrowed, you pay more interest for a longer loan period than for a shorter loan period.

How Interest Rates are Calculated

Not all loans work the same way. Learn about flat and monthly rest rates, and how they affect interest calculations.

Flat Rate

With a flat rate, interest payments are calculated based on the original loan amount. The monthly interest stays the same throughout, even though your outstanding loan reduces over time.

A flat rate is commonly used for car loans and personal term loans.

Car Loan

Below is a calculation for a $90,000 car loan at 2.5% interest per annum flat rate. Notice that you will end up paying more interest for a 7-year loan than for a 5-year loan.

Payments	5-year Loan	7-year Loan
Monthly Payment	$1,687.50	$1,258.93
Total Amount Paid	$101,250	$105,750.12
Interest Paid	$11,250	$15,750

Monthly Rest Rate

With monthly rest, interest is calculated based on the outstanding balance of the loan. As you pay down your outstanding loan amount every month, the interest also reduces over time.

Monthly Rest Rate is commonly used for home loans.

Loan on Monthly Rest

Say you have a $600,000 loan payable over 20 years at a fixed rate of 3.5% per annum and you have to make 240 equal monthly repayments of $3,480.

Here's what your payment schedule might look like for the first five years. Notice that the interest portion of the payment reduces as time goes on.

Year	Interest Rate	Monthly Principal(A)	Monthly Interest (B)	Monthly Repayment (A+B)	Yearly Repayment
1	3.50%	$1,729.76	$1,750	$3,480	$41,757
2	3.50%	$1,791.28	$1,688.48	$3,480	$41,757
3	3.50%	$1,854.99	$1624.77	$3,480	$41,757
4	3.50%	$1,920.97	$1,558.79	$3,480	$41,757
5	3.50%	$1,989.29	$1,490.47	$3,480	$41,757

Fixed versus Floating Rate

For a fixed rate monthly rest, the interest rate stays the same for a period of time known as the lock-in period.

For a floating rate, the interest rate can move up or down. If interest rate moves up, your interest expense will be higher. Do factor this in when deciding if you can afford a loan.

Effective Interest Rate (EIR) - What Your Loan Actually Costs

The true cost of your loan is known as the Effective Interest Rate (EIR) which may be higher than the advertised rate because of the way interest is calculated.

For flat rate loans, the EIR is higher than the advertised rate because the same rate (advertised rate) is applied throughout the loan period, based on the original loan amount.
For monthly rest loans, the advertised rate is the same as the EIR, because interest is calculated based on the reduced balance of the loan.

Also, note that that the frequency of payments may also affect the EIR. Think about two loans with the same principal amount, interest and duration. The loan with smaller, more frequent instalments will be more costly than one with fewer but larger instalments.

Example: How Payment Frequency Affects EIR

For a $1,000 loan, repayable over a year with interest of $200, the EIR will vary depending on the repayment schedule:

Repayment Schedule	EIR
1 Repayment of $1,200 after a year	20.0%
2 Repayments of $600 every 6 months	27.8%
4 Repayments of $300 every 3 months	34.6%
6 Repayments of $200 every 2 months	37.7%
12 Repayments of $100 after 1 month	41.3%

Comparing Loans

Ask your bank for the advertised and effective interest rates. You can use EIR to compare different loan packages to find out which one costs the least.

The higher the EIR, the more interest you will be paying.

However, you may not always want to choose the loan with the lowest EIR. For instance, if you intend to repay early, you may take a loan with a higher EIR, but without any early repayment penalty.

Deciding on a Repayment Plan

Apart from the interest, you will also need to consider your ability to meet the monthly repayment when choosing the loan tenure.

Generally, a shorter loan tenure means less interest overall but a higher monthly repayment (and vice versa). Are you able to keep up the payments for the entire loan period?

To help you decide, ask your bank for a repayment schedule. It will give you an idea of the total borrowing costs (including the total interest payable).

Note: If you take up a floating-rate loan, keep in mind that interest rates can go up. Even small increases can make a big difference in the total amount you pay, so plan accordingly.

Other Costs of Loans

Loans may come with other costs such as fees, charges and third-party costs, which could add up. You may need to factor these into your calculations.

Fees and Charges	What It Is For
Processing fee	Processing the loan application (usually charged upfront upon loan approval)
Amendment fee	Changes to the original loan application
Cancellation fee	For not taking up or drawing down on the loan after accepting it
Excess fee	Drawing more than the original overdraft limit
Late payment charges	For not repaying the amount due by the payment due date
Default charges	For failing to make payment
Early repayment charge	Early repayment charge for paying part or the whole loan earlier than originally agreed.

Note: Your bank can change terms, including interest rates, fees and charges by giving notice.